Strawberry ringspot virus

The causative agent of the disease is the Nepovirus maculanulatum, a member of the Nepovirus genus. As a plant virus, it infects the vascular tissues, leading to systemic infection that compromises the plant's physiological functions and severely limits fruit production.

The primary host for this pathogen is the cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa). The virus can persist in various weed species within and around the field, serving as an environmental reservoir that ensures the pathogen remains present in the ecosystem.

Symptoms are most visible on the foliage, manifesting as chlorotic spots, rings, or line patterns. Affected plants often exhibit stunted growth, leaf curling, and a general loss of vigor. The fruit quality is significantly impaired, often becoming misshapen or smaller than standard, leading to total yield loss in severe cases.

Transmission is primarily mediated by soil-borne nematodes, specifically species within the Longidorus and Xiphinema genera. These nematodes acquire the virus while feeding on infected roots and subsequently transmit it to healthy plants. Additionally, the movement of infected plant material is a major cause of the disease spreading to new areas.

Control of Nepovirus maculanulatum is focused on prevention, as there are no direct chemical treatments to cure an infected plant. A successful strategy includes:

• Sourcing certified virus-free planting material from reputable nurseries.
• Implementing soil testing for nematode populations before establishing new plantations.
• Strict weed control to eliminate alternative hosts for the virus.
• Immediate rogueing (removal and destruction) of symptomatic plants to prevent spread within the crop.