Grapevine necrosis

Grapevine necrosis associated with Trichovirus necroacini is a significant viral disease affecting viticulture worldwide. The pathogen belongs to the Trichovirus genus and primarily impacts the vascular system of the grapevine, leading to physiological disruption and the development of necrotic lesions on the woody parts of the vine.

The disease primarily targets cultivated grapevine species (Vitis vinifera). Once established within the plant, the virus becomes systemic, spreading through the phloem. It is particularly problematic in nurseries and established vineyards where vegetative propagation is commonly practiced, allowing the virus to persist over many years.

The symptoms of the disease are characterized by distinct localized necrosis. Key indicators include:

• dark, necrotic spots on one-year-old shoots;
• corky bark cracking and tissue disintegration;
• stunted growth of internodes and leaves;
• foliar discoloration (yellowing or reddening);
• overall loss of vigor leading to vine decline or death.

The transmission and development of the virus are largely anthropogenic. The primary vector is the use of infected propagation material, such as rootstocks or scions. Furthermore, the virus is easily transmitted during grafting and pruning operations if the tools are not properly sanitized between vines. Environmental conditions that stress the vine, such as extreme moisture or poor soil structure, can exacerbate the impact of the infection.

The economic impact of this viral disease is substantial, resulting in reduced fruit quality, decreased yields, and the premature removal of affected vines. Since there are no chemical treatments to cure infected plants, control focuses on prevention. This includes sourcing certified virus-free planting material, maintaining strict hygiene protocols during vineyard management, and immediate removal and destruction of infected vines to prevent spread.