Heart and dart moth

Systematic position. The Heart and dart moth (Agrotis exclamationis) is a member of the order Lepidoptera and the family Noctuidae. It is widely recognized as one of the most persistent soil-dwelling pests known as cutworms, causing significant economic damage across the temperate zones.

Host crops. This species is highly polyphagous, meaning it feeds on a vast range of plants. It frequently attacks cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, maize, and various vegetable crops such as cabbages and carrots. The damage is most critical during the early growth stages of these crops.

Biology and lifecycle. The lifecycle consists of four stages: egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa, and adult moth. The larvae overwinter in the soil at various depths. Pupation occurs in the spring, followed by the emergence of adults. Females lay eggs on the leaves or soil surface, and the resulting larvae progress through several instars before maturity.

Damage patterns. Larvae are nocturnal feeders that live beneath the soil surface during the day. At night, they emerge to sever the roots or stems of host plants near the ground level. This action often results in the immediate collapse and subsequent death of the affected plant, leading to patchy crop emergence and severe stand reduction.

Control measures. Integrated pest management (IPM) is essential for controlling this pest. Recommended practices include deep autumn ploughing to expose larvae to natural predators and weather, consistent weed control to remove host plants, and the use of pheromone traps for monitoring. Chemical control involves applying systemic or contact insecticides during the evening when larvae are active on the soil surface.