Glyphina

Systematic position. Glyphina is a genus of insects from the order Hemiptera, belonging to the family Aphididae. These are specialized pests whose morphology is adapted to feeding on the sap of woody plants, primarily from the birch family (Betulaceae).

Host plants. The primary hosts for members of this genus are species of alder (Alnus). The damage occurs through the colonization of shoots, young twigs, and sometimes leaves, making alder stands the most vulnerable targets for these insects during the growing season.

Biology and life cycle. The life cycle of Glyphina includes alternating generations and is closely tied to the seasonal rhythms of the host tree. Like many aphids, development progresses through stages of wingless and winged viviparous females that reproduce parthenogenetically. Towards autumn, sexual forms appear, laying overwintering eggs in bark crevices, which ensures the survival of the population during the winter.

Damage and harmfulness. By feeding on plant sap, the pest causes deformation of young shoots and weakens the overall condition of the tree. The heavy honeydew secretions produced by the aphids become a substrate for sooty mold development, which hinders normal photosynthesis, thereby reducing both the ornamental and biological value of the trees.

Control measures. Protection against Glyphina involves both preventive and remedial measures. Monitoring the condition of the trees during the early spring period is crucial. Effective methods include:

• Application of systemic insecticides during periods of heavy infestation.
• Treatment of trees with mineral oil-based products in early spring to eliminate overwintering eggs.
• Maintaining stand health through proper silvicultural and agrotechnical practices.
• Encouraging natural biological control agents such as ladybirds and lacewings.