Migratory grosbeak

The migratory grosbeak (Eophona migratoria) belongs to the order Passeriformes and the family Fringillidae. Despite its distinct appearance, this bird is considered a pest in various regions, particularly in East Asia. It is characterized by a heavy, powerful beak specifically evolved to crack hard seeds, fruit pits, and tough outer shells of various agricultural products.

The primary damage caused by these birds is focused on fruit orchards and grain fields. Their diet consists of tree buds, coniferous and deciduous seeds, as well as several cultivated crops. They pose a significant threat during the ripening period of sunflowers, hemp, and grain, and in orchards, where they intensively feed on tree buds and young fruit ovaries, directly affecting seasonal yields.

The biology of the migratory grosbeak is closely tied to seasonal migration patterns. During the breeding season, they prefer deciduous and mixed forests, but as autumn approaches, they move toward areas with more abundant food sources, including farmlands. Breeding occurs in spring, and the birds typically raise one brood per season, after which the juveniles forage extensively on available plant resources.

The damage pattern is characterized by the total destruction or severe deformation of buds, which significantly reduces the fruiting potential of trees. In sunflower fields, grosbeaks are capable of pecking seeds directly out of the heads, leading to substantial losses of marketable grain. Due to their immense beak strength, they can easily overcome even the most robust shells, making them a challenge for crop protection in areas with high population density.

To protect crops from the migratory grosbeak, farmers employ various control methods:

• Using acoustic repellent devices that imitate the calls of predatory birds.
• Installing reflective materials and protective netting over fruit tree crowns.
• Utilizing visual scarecrows that must be moved regularly to prevent the birds from becoming accustomed.
• Implementing biological controls by creating habitats for natural raptor predators.