Four-spotted footman

The four-spotted footman (Lithosia quadra) belongs to the order Lepidoptera and the family Erebidae (subfamily Arctiinae). While typically harmless in its adult form, the larval stage can pose challenges for orchard management when populations reach high densities.

The larvae primarily feed on lichens and algae found on the bark of trees. However, they are opportunistic feeders. When lichen resources are depleted or populations are large, larvae often migrate to leaves, flower buds, and even developing fruits of various fruit trees, causing noticeable damage to the crop.

The life cycle of this moth involves complete metamorphosis. The species typically overwinters as larvae hidden within crevices in the bark or other protected areas. As temperatures rise in spring, the larvae resume feeding before pupating in late spring or early summer. The adults emerge mid-summer, with mating and egg-laying occurring on lichen-rich bark.

The damage caused by the larvae is characterized by grazing on the epidermis of fruits and consuming young foliage. This leads to cosmetic damage, reduced fruit quality, and increased susceptibility to fungal infections. In neglected orchards with heavy lichen growth, the potential for economic impact increases significantly.

Integrated pest management (IPM) is the most effective approach to control Lithosia quadra. Keeping the orchard clean by removing excessive moss and lichen from trunks is the primary preventative measure. Chemical intervention using insecticides is generally reserved for severe outbreaks and should be timed to coincide with the early spring activity of the larvae.

• Mechanical removal of lichens from tree trunks.
• Proper pruning to ensure good light and air circulation.
• Monitoring of larval activity during the spring season.
• Application of approved contact insecticides when thresholds are exceeded.