Asian hornet

Systematic position: The Asian hornet (Vespa velutina) is classified under the order Hymenoptera and the family Vespidae. This invasive insect, native to Southeast Asia, has rapidly expanded its range, posing a significant threat to local biodiversity and agricultural stability, particularly in temperate climates.

Crops and affected sectors: The primary economic impact of this species is felt in the apiculture industry, as they are prolific predators of honey bees. Additionally, they cause secondary damage to fruit crops such as grapes, pears, and stone fruits. By feeding on the sugar-rich juices of ripening fruit, they accelerate decomposition and attract other secondary pests.

Biology and life cycle: The lifecycle follows a seasonal pattern where fertilized queens emerge from hibernation in the spring to establish primary nests. As the summer progresses, the colony expands, and workers construct larger, secondary nests often found high in tree canopies. These colonies can reach thousands of individuals before the queen and workers succumb to the winter cold.

Nature of damage and pest status: Asian hornets exhibit a distinct hunting behavior known as «hawking,» where they hover in front of hive entrances to snatch returning foragers. This relentless predation forces the bee colony into a defensive state, limiting foraging activity, reducing honey production, and causing severe colony stress that often leads to total population collapse.

• Implementation of selective entrance guards on beehives.
• Monitoring with pheromone or sugary bait traps.
• Mapping and mechanical removal of nests in autumn and winter.
• Public awareness campaigns for early detection.

Management and control: Managing this species requires a multi-faceted approach. Because nests are often located at significant heights, specialized equipment is needed for their removal. Chemical control is generally restricted to avoid non-target effects on pollinators. Cooperation between local beekeepers and environmental authorities is crucial to controlling the spread and protecting local bee populations.