Mineralization
The process by which soil microorganisms decompose organic matter into simple mineral forms that can be absorbed by plants.
Также говорят: organic matter decomposition, nutrient release, soil mineralization
Mineralization is a vital biological process that converts complex organic compounds from crop residues, manure, or green manures into plant-available nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. It serves as the primary mechanism for nutrient recycling in natural and managed soil ecosystems.
The rate of mineralization is heavily influenced by soil temperature, moisture levels, and aeration. Farmers influence these conditions through tillage and residue management. However, excessive tillage can accelerate the decomposition of stable humus, leading to long-term soil quality degradation.
A common error is applying organic matter when soil conditions—such as low temperature or poor drainage—do not support microbial activity, resulting in poor nutrient release. Additionally, failing to manage the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio can lead to nutrient immobilization, where microbes compete with plants for available nitrogen.