Calycidiaceae

The family Calycidiaceae belongs to a group of lichenized fungi, which are often considered in agronomy and forestry as epiphytes that settle on the bark of woody plants. Unlike typical parasitic fungi, they do not always cause deep tissue damage, but their massive overgrowth can negatively affect the physiological state of the tree.

The pathogens are fungi of the order Caliciales. These organisms form specific fruiting bodies called apothecia, which often resemble small black "nails" or pins rising above the lichen thallus. In terms of nutrition, they are mostly saprotrophs or weak parasites that use the bark surface as a substrate for attachment.

This organism most often affects fruit crops with rough bark, such as apple and pear trees, as well as various types of deciduous forest trees. They pose a particular risk in old orchards with high humidity, where the development of epiphytic flora occurs most intensely and uncontrollably.

The main symptoms of infestation include the appearance of specific deposits or small black formations on trunks and branches, resembling fungal mycelium. With strong overgrowth, the lichen creates a favorable environment for the hidden habitat of pests and the development of other pathogenic microorganisms, which indirectly reduces the tree's immunity.

To prevent the spread of Calycidiaceae, complex agricultural practices are applied. Effective measures include:

• Regular sanitary pruning of branches to improve crown ventilation.
• Cleaning trunks of dead bark followed by disinfection.
• Whitewashing trunks with lime solutions containing copper sulfate.
• Controlling humidity levels in the orchard and timely fertilization to increase tree resistance.