Anthracnose (Colletotrichum pseudotheobromicola)

Colletotrichum pseudotheobromicola is a pathogenic fungus belonging to the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex, recognized as a primary cause of anthracnose. This fungus is highly virulent and poses a significant threat to various agricultural and horticultural crops worldwide, particularly in warm, humid regions.

The host range is extensive, including tropical and subtropical fruits such as mango, avocado, and cacao, as well as various ornamental shrubs. The pathogen affects multiple plant parts, including leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits, often resulting in significant yield losses both in the field and during post-harvest storage.

Symptoms usually appear as irregular, water-soaked, dark-brown, or black necrotic lesions on the fruit peel and leaf surfaces. As the disease progresses, these lesions become sunken, and under humid conditions, salmon-colored or pinkish spore masses are produced, which facilitate further spread of the fungus.

Development and dissemination of Colletotrichum pseudotheobromicola are strongly dependent on environmental factors, particularly moisture and temperature. Spore germination and colonization occur optimally when high relative humidity and temperatures ranging from +22°C to +28°C are maintained for extended periods.

Effective management requires an integrated approach to disease control. Key strategies include practicing strict orchard sanitation, such as removing infected debris, implementing proper pruning to enhance canopy ventilation, and applying prophylactic fungicides. Monitoring humidity levels and using resistant plant varieties are also crucial for minimizing the impact of the pathogen.