Lichenotheliaceae fungi

Lichenotheliaceae is a family of fungi within the class Dothideomycetes (phylum Ascomycota). These organisms are often found colonizing the bark of trees and shrubs, existing as specialized associates that can transition from saprotrophic behavior to weak parasitism. Their presence on host plants is often overlooked until they form visible, dark fruiting bodies on the surface of the bark.

The causative agents produce small, black, erumpent perithecia that signify the onset of the colonization phase. The disease type is typically categorized as a surface cortical infection. While they may not always cause rapid plant death, they contribute to the degradation of the protective bark barrier, which is essential for the tree's defense against insects and other more virulent pathogens.

The affected crops include a wide range of woody plants, particularly fruit trees in neglected or humid orchards. The fungi exploit micro-cracks and damaged areas in the bark. High-density plantings and insufficient thinning of the canopy create a microclimate that favors the rapid spread and establishment of these fungal colonies.

Symptoms are manifested as discrete black dots or mottled patches that appear to be growing on the exterior of the bark. Over time, these areas may cause the bark to harden and eventually crack, exposing the inner layers of the cambium. This condition restricts the natural expansion of the tree trunk and can lead to localized necrosis if the colony becomes dense enough.

To control and prevent the spread of Lichenotheliaceae, an integrated approach focusing on tree hygiene is essential. Recommended measures include:

• Improving airflow within the orchard by proper pruning techniques.
• Cleaning tree trunks to remove excess moss and lichen-like fungi using soft-bristled brushes.
• Applying copper-based fungicidal sprays during dormant periods to inhibit fungal growth.
• Maintaining optimal plant vigor through balanced fertilization and irrigation to strengthen the tree's natural defense systems.