Acarapis

Systematic position: The genus Acarapis belongs to the order Acariformes and the family Tarsonemidae. The primary species of economic importance is Acarapis woodi, commonly known as the honey bee tracheal mite, which lives inside the respiratory system of adult bees.

Host range: Acarapis mites are obligate parasites specific to honey bees (Apis mellifera). They do not infest crops; however, they are considered one of the most critical pests in the beekeeping industry worldwide, affecting the longevity and health of the colony.

Biology and lifecycle: The lifecycle occurs entirely within the tracheae of the bee. The female mite enters the host, lays eggs, and the larvae develop by feeding on the bee's hemolymph. The entire generation cycle takes about three weeks. Transmission occurs through contact between young bees and infested older bees within the hive.

Nature of damage and harm: Infestation leads to mechanical blockage and structural damage of the bee's breathing tubes. This causes respiratory failure, reduces the bees' lifespan, and weakens the colony's immunity. Heavy infestations lead to increased winter mortality, often resulting in the total loss of the hive during early spring.

Protection and control: Managing Acarapis involves diagnosing the presence of mites via microscopic analysis of bee tracheae. Control measures include the application of registered miticides such as formic acid or essential oils like thymol. Regular monitoring and purchasing stock from known mite-resistant lines are essential components of integrated pest management in apiculture.