External honey bee mite

The external honey bee mite (Acarapis externus) is a microscopic acarine belonging to the Tarsonemidae family within the Trombidiformes order. Unlike its relative Acarapis woodi, which inhabits the tracheae, this parasite lives exclusively on the external surfaces of honey bees (Apis mellifera).

This mite targets honey bees specifically, preferring areas where the chitinous cuticle is soft and thin. These locations typically include the neck region between the head and thorax, as well as the wing joints and abdominal segments. By piercing the cuticle, the mite gains access to the bee's hemolymph for nutrition.

The life cycle of Acarapis externus is completed entirely on the host bee. The female mite deposits eggs in protected body folds of the bee. After hatching, the larvae develop through several stages into adults. The entire generation cycle can be completed in about 11 to 12 days, allowing for rapid population growth under favorable hive conditions.

The damage caused by this mite is primarily associated with the depletion of the host's vitality. By feeding on the bee's hemolymph, the parasites reduce the longevity of worker bees and decrease the overall strength of the colony. While rarely fatal on its own, a heavy infestation can significantly weaken bees, making them more susceptible to other pathogens or stress factors.

Management strategies focus on detection and chemical control. Key methods include:

• Regular microscopic inspection of bee samples to determine infestation levels.
• Application of approved acaricides during periods when no honey is being stored.
• Implementation of strong colony management to maintain healthy bee populations.
• Use of organic acids or essential oils as part of integrated pest management (IPM) practices.