Honey bee tracheal mite

Systematic position: The honey bee tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi) is a microscopic mite belonging to the order Acariformes and the family Tarsonemidae. It is a highly specialized endoparasite that colonizes the respiratory system of adult honey bees (Apis mellifera).

Affected crops: This mite does not feed on crops directly; however, it negatively impacts agricultural production by killing the pollinators. The decline in healthy honey bee populations leads to reduced crop yields for various horticultural and field crops that rely on insect pollination.

Biology and life cycle: The parasite lives, breeds, and feeds entirely within the thoracic tracheae of the bee. The female mite enters the breathing tubes and deposits eggs, which hatch into larvae and then develop into adults. The entire life cycle occurs inside the bee's body, where they pierce the tracheal wall to feed on hemolymph.

Nature of damage and pest status: Infestation causes mechanical blockage of the airways, leading to respiratory stress and impaired flight performance. Infected bees become lethargic and lose their ability to forage, which eventually results in colony collapse, especially during winter months when the infestation reaches its peak.

Control measures: Managing tracheal mites requires a strategic approach:

• Routine microscopic examination of bee samples for diagnosis.
• Application of registered miticides such as formic acid or essential oil-based treatments.
• Maintaining strong, genetically resilient colonies.
• Strict quarantine protocols to prevent the spread between apiaries.
• Implementing integrated pest management (IPM) practices to reduce mite load.