Hog louse

Systematic position: The hog louse (Haematopinus suis) is an ectoparasite belonging to the order Phthiraptera and the family Haematopinidae. It is recognized as the largest louse species that infests domestic pigs and wild boars, acting as a permanent parasite throughout its life cycle.

Host range: Haematopinus suis is exclusively associated with pigs. It is a veterinary pest rather than an agricultural plant pest. Its presence in livestock facilities is a significant concern for producers due to the direct impact on animal welfare and production efficiency.

Biology and life cycle: The entire life cycle occurs on the host animal. The female deposits eggs (nits) onto the hairs near the skin surface. After hatching, the nymphs go through three stages before maturing into adults. The parasite is highly host-specific and rarely survives for more than a few days away from the pig host.

Nature of damage and harm: Heavy infestations cause haematopinosis, manifested by severe itching and scratching. The physical damage to the skin, combined with anemia caused by blood feeding, significantly reduces the growth rate of piglets and the overall condition of adult animals, leading to decreased weight gain and secondary skin infections.

Control measures: Management of hog louse requires integrated biosecurity and chemical treatment protocols:

• Application of approved insecticides, including pour-on solutions, sprays, or injectable products.
• Systematic cleaning and disinfection of pig pens and bedding areas.
• Quarantine procedures for incoming animals to prevent the introduction of new infestations.
• Consistent monitoring of the herd to detect and treat infested animals early.