Eastern mole

The eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus) is a small mammal belonging to the order Eulipotyphla and the family Talpidae. Despite their ecological role as regulators of soil insect populations, these moles are considered significant pests in agriculture and horticulture due to their tunneling activities which physically disturb the root systems of various crops.

The primary damage caused by Scalopus aquaticus is the disruption of soil structure and the mechanical destruction of plant roots. As the mole pushes through the ground searching for earthworms and larvae, it leaves behind subterranean passages that create air pockets around roots. This leads to desiccation and the rapid wilting of ornamental plants, vegetable seedlings, and small shrubs.

The biology of the eastern mole is specialized for life underground. They possess powerful, outward-turned forepaws designed for efficient soil excavation. Their life cycle includes a single annual breeding season, typically in early spring. The young moles mature quickly, expanding the tunnel networks and increasing the impact on agricultural soils during the peak growing season.

Economic damage is often indirect but cumulative. Aside from the immediate loss of plants, the tunneling creates access points for other pests, such as mice and voles, which utilize these paths to reach and consume tubers, roots, and bulbs. This secondary damage can lead to significant economic loss in commercial nurseries and garden landscapes.

Integrated management strategies for controlling moles include:

• Installation of specialized mechanical mole traps placed in active primary tunnels.
• Usage of sonic pulse devices to disrupt their sensitivity to underground vibrations.
• Installation of underground wire or plastic mesh barriers to prevent entry into protected areas.
• Application of castor oil-based repellents to discourage foraging in specific beds.
• Soil management techniques, such as rolling to compress soil and reduce the abundance of soil-dwelling larvae.