Pine processionary moth

The pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) is a lepidopteran insect belonging to the family Notodontidae. It is widely recognized as a serious defoliator of pine species, causing significant ecological and economic damage across Southern Europe and Mediterranean countries.

This moth primarily targets various species of the Pinus genus, including Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra. The larval stage causes substantial damage to coniferous stands, as the larvae feed on needles, leading to growth reduction and, in cases of severe infestation, tree mortality.

The biological development of this species is highly specialized. Adults emerge in the summer, and after mating, females deposit eggs in the canopy. The larvae live gregariously, constructing distinct, protective silk nests. They survive the winter inside these nests, descending in a characteristic line—a "procession"—when they are ready to pupate in the soil.

The damage is characterized by severe needle loss and the presence of nests. A critical aspect of this pest is the urticating hairs found on the caterpillars, which contain the protein thaumetopoein. These hairs can cause severe allergic reactions in humans and pets, requiring careful handling and specialized protective gear.

Management strategies focus on an integrated approach. Biological control using Bacillus thuringiensis is highly effective. Mechanical control involves removing nests during the winter months. Additionally, pheromone traps are widely used for monitoring population levels and disrupting the mating cycle of adult moths in forest stands.