Two-toothed ant

The Dolichoderus bidens is a species of ant belonging to the Formicidae family within the Hymenoptera order. Distinguished by the two prominent spines on its thorax, this species is primarily arboreal, preferring to nest in trees and shrubs. It is predominantly found in tropical environments where it exerts a significant impact on horticultural and forestry systems.

These ants primarily damage crops such as cocoa, citrus, and various exotic fruit trees. While the ants themselves do not consume large portions of plant tissue, they are notorious for their role in agricultural damage as active tenders of scale insects, mealybugs, and aphids, effectively creating a sanctuary for these pests.

The biology of Dolichoderus bidens centers on a mutualistic relationship with sap-sucking insects. The ants provide protection to these pests against predators and parasites in exchange for honeydew, a sugary substance secreted by the insects. This behavior forces the ant colony to aggressively defend the colonies of aphids, ensuring their survival and spread throughout the crop canopy.

The damage caused by these ants is both direct and indirect. By protecting sap-sucking insects, they cause severe plant weakening, stunted growth, and potential dieback of branches. Additionally, the accumulation of honeydew on the leaves fosters the growth of sooty mold, which severely limits the plant's ability to undergo photosynthesis, ultimately leading to significant yield losses.

To control Dolichoderus bidens, farmers employ several integrated management strategies:

• Application of non-drying glue bands on tree trunks to stop foraging movement;
• Targeted control of the homopteran insects using horticultural oils or systemic insecticides;
• Pruning of heavily infested canopy parts to disrupt nesting sites;
• Biological control through the introduction of specific natural predators that prey on both the ants and their mutualistic insect partners.