Eyed hawk-moth

Systematic position: The Eyed hawk-moth (Smerinthus ocellatus) belongs to the order Lepidoptera, family Sphingidae. While the adult moth is primarily a nectar feeder, the larval stage (caterpillar) acts as a defoliator, occasionally affecting the foliage of woody plants.

Affected crops: This pest primarily targets plants within the Rosaceae family. Common hosts include apple, pear, plum, and cherry trees, as well as willow and poplar species. While rarely a major agricultural threat, localized infestations can be detrimental to nursery saplings.

Biology and lifecycle: The species typically undergoes one or two generations per year. It overwinters as a pupa in the soil near host trees. Adult moths emerge in spring to lay eggs on the undersides of leaves. After hatching, the larvae spend roughly a month feeding before descending to pupate in the earth.

Nature of damage: Larvae of the Eyed hawk-moth are voracious eaters. They consume leaf blades rapidly, often leaving only the midribs behind. Heavy infestations can lead to significant defoliation, which hampers the tree's ability to undergo photosynthesis and store energy for winter dormancy.

Control measures: Effective management includes regular monitoring of young trees during the summer. For small infestations, manual removal of caterpillars is sufficient. In more severe cases, targeted use of registered insecticides is recommended. Additionally, cultivating the soil beneath the tree canopy in late autumn helps disrupt the overwintering pupae.