Blind eyed hawk-moth

The Blind eyed hawk-moth (Smerinthus caecus) is a large moth species belonging to the family Sphingidae within the order Lepidoptera. This moth is distributed across the temperate regions of Eurasia. While it is primarily recognized for its unique camouflage and appearance, the larvae can sometimes become pests on specific broad-leaved trees and shrubs in silviculture and landscaping.

The host plants for the larvae of Smerinthus caecus are primarily members of the willow family (Salicaceae). The caterpillars feed predominantly on various species of willows (Salix) and poplars (Populus). In gardens, nurseries, and public parks, they may occasionally cause localized defoliation on ornamental plantings, affecting the aesthetic appearance of the trees.

The biological cycle of this moth is univoltine, meaning there is typically one generation per year. The insect overwinters as a pupa deep within the soil inside a dense cocoon. Adult moths emerge in late spring or early summer. Following mating, females lay their eggs individually on the undersides of leaves, and the larvae develop through five instars throughout the summer months.

Damage is characterized by irregular feeding patterns on the leaf margins and surface. Since the larvae are voracious feeders, heavy infestations can lead to significant foliage loss. This defoliation stresses the host tree, which may result in stunted shoot development or increased susceptibility to other environmental stressors, although the adult moths do not cause any harm to plants.

Effective management and protection strategies include:

• Manual collection of caterpillars from young trees during the early stages of infestation.
• Encouraging natural predators such as birds and parasitoid wasps in the landscape.
• Applying bio-insecticides containing Bacillus thuringiensis, which target larvae without harming beneficial pollinators.
• Applying systemic chemical insecticides only in cases of severe infestation on high-value ornamental trees.
• Cultivating the soil around the base of host trees in autumn to destroy pupating chambers.