Guinea ant

Systematic position: Tetramorium bicarinatum, commonly known as the Guinea ant, belongs to the order Hymenoptera and the family Formicidae. It is a highly resilient invasive ant species that has successfully established itself in tropical and subtropical regions, as well as in greenhouses and indoor agricultural environments worldwide.

Biology and life cycle: This species is characterized by polygyny, meaning its colonies possess multiple queens. This biological trait allows for high reproductive rates and colony survival even if portions of the nest are disturbed. Their lifecycle is continuous in greenhouse environments, where they thrive in warm, humid conditions, creating nests in potting soil, plant debris, or structural crevices.

Nature of damage: The primary agricultural threat posed by the Guinea ant is the protection and dispersal of sap-sucking pests such as aphids, mealybugs, and scale insects. By deterring natural predators and parasitoids, the ants enable these pests to reach outbreak levels, which subsequently leads to severe plant stress, stunted growth, and the accumulation of honeydew that encourages sooty mold development.

Economic impact: The impact on crops is significant, particularly in commercial greenhouses and nurseries. Infested plants show signs of chlorosis, leaf drop, and weakened defense mechanisms. Furthermore, in their search for moisture and sugary substances, these ants can physically damage tender root systems and delicate floral buds, directly reducing the aesthetic and market value of the produce.

Control measures: Effective management relies on an integrated approach focused on both the ants and the pests they cultivate:

• Deployment of slow-acting toxic bait stations that allow worker ants to carry the insecticide back to the queen and brood.
• Strict control of honeydew-producing insects using biological or chemical agents to remove the primary food source.
• Sanitation practices, including the removal of nesting sites like old plant pots, debris, and excessive mulch.
• Use of physical barriers or ant-repellent substances around the base of sensitive crops.