Mediterranean pine processionary

Taxonomic position. The species belongs to the order Lepidoptera and the family Thaumetopoeidae (processionary moths). It is a major defoliator in the Mediterranean basin, widely recognized for its social behavior and larval characteristics.

Host plants and economic importance. The pest primarily infests coniferous trees, especially various pine species. By consuming needles, the larvae cause significant defoliation, which hampers tree growth, weakens the forest stand, and makes trees susceptible to secondary pathogens and wood-boring insects.

Biology and life cycle. This moth undergoes a complete metamorphosis. Adults emerge in the summer to mate and lay eggs in clusters on needles. The larvae are nocturnal feeders and live in communal silk nests during the winter. They follow a characteristic 'procession' when moving from the nest to feeding sites or before pupation in the soil.

Nature of damage. Larvae are covered in urticating hairs that contain a toxin, causing severe skin rashes and respiratory allergies in humans and domestic animals. Visual symptoms include stripped branches, lack of foliage, and large white silk nests attached to the canopy, which represent a significant health hazard in public areas.

Control measures. Integrated pest management (IPM) is crucial. Strategies include the use of pheromone traps for monitoring and mass trapping of males. Biological control using Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is highly effective during early larval stages. Mechanical removal of nests is also recommended for localized control in residential or recreational areas.