Samoan drywood termite

The Samoan drywood termite (Neotermes samoanus) belongs to the order Isoptera and the family Kalotermitidae. This pest is particularly prevalent in tropical regions, where it poses a significant threat to various tree species, both in natural forests and agricultural plantations, by colonizing and consuming internal dry wood.

The host plants affected by this species are numerous, including economically vital crops such as cacao, coffee, and breadfruit trees, alongside various ornamental trees. Since these termites do not require soil contact, they can successfully establish colonies within the woody stems and branches of living trees, which eventually compromises the plant's structural integrity.

The biological lifecycle of Neotermes samoanus involves the formation of colonies within the dry wood. Unlike subterranean termites, they live entirely within the host plant, with development stages that include larvae, nymphs, workers, soldiers, and reproductives. Their slow-growing colonies can remain undetected for years until the damage becomes severe.

Regarding their impact and damage, these termites create complex networks of galleries and tunnels deep within the xylem. This feeding behavior disrupts the vascular system of the plant, hindering the transport of water and nutrients. Eventually, the structural weakening of the trunk or branches leads to significant dieback and potential mechanical failure of the tree.

Protection strategies focus on constant monitoring and early detection of infestation signs like frass pellets or exit holes. Key management practices include:

• Regular inspection of plantation trees for boreholes.
• Physical removal and incineration of heavily infested branches or trunks.
• Application of localized insecticidal treatments to termite galleries.
• Use of biological control agents such as specific fungal spores.