Словарь агронома

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Active soil reaction

Active soil reaction is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of the soil solution, determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions.

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Aeration porosity

The fraction of soil volume that is filled with air instead of water, facilitating oxygen diffusion to plant roots and soil organisms.

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Aggregate composition

Aggregate composition is the quantitative distribution of soil clumps (aggregates) of various sizes within the arable layer of the soil.

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Agrophysical properties of soil

These are the physical characteristics of soil that determine its capacity to store water, provide aeration, and support root development for optimal plant grow...

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Biological activity of soil

It is the overall intensity of life processes carried out by soil microorganisms and fauna that transform organic matter into nutrients available for plants.

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Bulk density of soil

The mass of dry soil per unit volume of soil, including the air-filled pore space, in its natural structural state.

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Cation exchange capacity

The ability of soil to hold and release positively charged nutrients, preventing them from leaching out of the root zone.

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Chiseling

This is a method of non-inversion tillage that uses heavy-duty shanks to loosen the soil and break up deep compaction without flipping the topsoil layer.

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Cloddiness

Cloddiness is a soil condition characterized by the presence of large clods exceeding 10 centimeters in diameter, which hinder seed germination and field unifor...

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Cover crops

These are plants grown primarily to protect and enrich the soil rather than for harvest, serving to prevent erosion, suppress weeds, and improve soil health bet...

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Deep loosening

An agricultural practice of loosening the soil at a significant depth without inverting the furrow slice to break up compacted layers and improve soil structure...

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Discing

A soil tillage practice using disc implements to break up clods, incorporate crop residues, and control weeds by cutting the soil surface.

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Drainage

Drainage is the natural or artificial process of removing excess water from the soil to prevent saturation and waterlogging.

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Eroded soils

Soils that have lost part of their fertile top layer due to the destructive action of wind (deflation) or water (erosion).

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Erosion-prone lands

These are agricultural areas susceptible to the loss of topsoil and degradation caused by wind or water action due to topography, soil composition, and lack of...

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Field moisture

The actual amount of water present in the soil under natural conditions, expressed as a percentage of the dry soil weight or volume at a specific time.

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Furrow slice turnover

Furrow slice turnover is a tillage technique where the soil layer is inverted to bury crop residues and improve soil structure.

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Humification

The biochemical process of decomposing organic matter into stable humus compounds that improve soil fertility and structure.

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Humus

Humus is the stable, dark organic component of soil formed by the decomposition of plant and animal matter through microbial activity.

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Humus horizon

The top layer of soil enriched with organic matter (humus), which is the primary driver of natural soil fertility.

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Humus mineralization

Humus mineralization is the process by which soil microorganisms decompose organic matter into simple mineral compounds that are readily available for plant upt...

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Minimum tillage

A conservation tillage system that reduces the frequency and depth of mechanical soil disturbance to improve soil structure and moisture retention.

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Mulching

Mulching is the agricultural practice of covering the soil surface with organic or inorganic materials to improve soil health and plant growth.

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Physical clay

It represents the total sum of all soil particles smaller than 0.01 millimeters, which determine the soil's mechanical composition and its ability to retain wat...

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Plant feeding area

This is the space allocated to an individual plant within a field, from which it extracts the nutrients, moisture, and light required for development.

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Plough pan

A plough pan is a compacted soil layer formed below the depth of cultivation, caused by the repetitive mechanical pressure of tillage equipment.

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Ploughing

A primary tillage operation where soil is cut, turned over, and loosened using a plough to prepare the seedbed.

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Pre-sowing cultivation

This is the final soil tillage operation before seeding, designed to loosen the topsoil and prepare a uniform, firm seedbed.

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Slotting

An agricultural technique of cutting narrow vertical slots in the soil to improve water infiltration and aeration within the root zone.

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Soil acidity

Soil acidity is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in the soil solution, indicating whether the soil reaction is acidic, neutral, or alkaline.

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Soil Adsorbing Complex

The sum total of mineral, organic, and organo-mineral soil particles that possess the ability to adsorb and exchange ions, nutrients, and water.

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Soil aggregate

A soil aggregate is a cluster of soil particles held together by organic matter, roots, and clays, essential for soil aeration and water retention.

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Soil aggregation

It is the condition of soil consisting of crumbs or aggregates of various sizes that provide the necessary balance of air and water for plant growth.

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Soil buffering capacity

The ability of soil to resist changes in pH when acids, bases, or fertilizers are added.

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Soil capillarity

The ability of soil to move water from lower layers to the root zone through fine pores by means of surface tension forces.

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Soil compaction

The process of reducing soil porosity due to mechanical pressure, which leads to increased density, restricted root growth, and impaired water and air movement...

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Soil crusting

A phenomenon where soil aggregates break down due to water impact, forming a dense, surface layer that restricts air and water movement.

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Soil cultivation status

This is the degree to which a soil's properties meet the requirements of agricultural crops, achieved through long-term effective soil management and human acti...

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Soil deflation

Deflation is the process of removal and transport of topsoil particles by wind, which degrades soil structure and reduces overall agricultural fertility.

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Soil degradation

The decline in soil quality and fertility caused by improper management, resulting in a reduced capacity of the land to support plant growth.

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Soil fertility

Soil fertility is the capacity of soil to sustain agricultural plant growth by providing essential nutrients, water, and air in adequate amounts for crop produc...

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Soil hydraulic conductivity

The ability of a soil to transmit water through its profile when subjected to surface irrigation or precipitation.

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Soil microaggregates

Soil microaggregates are microscopic clusters of soil particles, typically smaller than 0.25 mm, bound together by organic matter, fungi, and minerals.

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Soil porosity

Soil porosity is the total volume of pores and voids between soil particles, expressed as a percentage of the total soil volume.

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Soil profile

A vertical section of soil from the surface down to the parent material, displaying distinct layers known as horizons.

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Soil structure

Soil structure refers to the arrangement of soil particles into stable aggregates, which facilitate proper aeration, water infiltration, and root penetration fo...

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Soil structure coefficient

A metric representing the ratio of water-stable soil aggregates between 0.25 and 10 mm in diameter to the total soil mass.

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Soil texture

The relative proportions of soil particles of different sizes, which determines the physical and mechanical properties of the soil.

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Soil thixotropy

The property of certain moist soils to temporarily lose shear strength and transition from a solid state to a liquid-like state under mechanical stress.

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Soil water-holding capacity

Soil water-holding capacity is the ability of a soil to retain a certain amount of water within its pores against the force of gravity after excess water has dr...

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Soil workability

The physical condition of the soil in which it crumbles easily under mechanical force, providing optimal conditions for cultivation and seed germination.

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Solonetzic property

Solonetzic property refers to the presence of high levels of exchangeable sodium in the soil, which leads to poor structure and restricts water and air movement...

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Water erosion

Water erosion is the detachment and removal of soil particles from the land surface by the action of rainfall, runoff, or flowing water.

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Water retention

The ability of soil to hold water against gravitational drainage and evaporation, ensuring it remains available for plant uptake.

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Wind erosion

The process of detachment and transport of topsoil particles by wind energy, which results in the loss of organic matter and reduced agricultural productivity.