Словарь агронома

Хранение и экономика

Marketability of grain

A quality indicator representing the proportion of primary grain in a batch that meets trade standards and is suitable for commercial sale.

Селекция и семеноводство

Mass selection

A breeding method where a group of plants with desirable phenotypic traits is selected from a population to produce seeds for the next generation without indivi...

Цифровое земледелие

Material flow control

This is the process of monitoring and regulating the volume of agricultural material passing through a technological line per unit of time.

Селекция и семеноводство

Maternal form

A plant used as the female parent in hybridization to produce seeds with specific desired traits or hybrid vigor.

Погода и климат

Maximum hygroscopicity

The maximum amount of moisture a dry soil can absorb from the atmosphere under saturation conditions, expressed as a percentage of the soil's dry weight.

Хранение и экономика

Maximum permissible losses

An economically justified level of crop loss where the cost of control measures does not exceed the value of the saved yield.

Посев и сорта

Maximum permissible seeding rate

This is the highest seed density per unit area that ensures optimal crop development without inducing excessive intraspecific competition for nutrients, water,...

Питание и удобрения

Microbiological fertilizers

Agricultural products containing live beneficial microorganisms that enhance plant nutrient uptake and suppress soil-borne pathogens.

Питание и удобрения

Microgranules

Microgranules are a formulation of fertilizers or pesticides in the form of small particles, 0.5 to 2 mm in diameter, designed for precise, localized applicatio...

Питание и удобрения

Micronutrients

Micronutrients are essential chemical elements, such as boron, zinc, and iron, required by plants in small quantities for healthy growth and physiological devel...

Рост и развитие

Milk-wax ripeness

A stage of cereal crop development where grain contents transition from a liquid to a dough-like consistency, marking the onset of moisture reduction.

Питание и удобрения

Mineral nitrogen

Mineral nitrogen refers to the inorganic forms of nitrogen, primarily ammonium and nitrate, that are readily available for plant uptake from the soil.

Питание и удобрения

Mineralization

The process by which soil microorganisms decompose organic matter into simple mineral forms that can be absorbed by plants.

Почва и обработка

Minimum tillage

A conservation tillage system that reduces the frequency and depth of mechanical soil disturbance to improve soil structure and moisture retention.

Погода и климат

Moisture coefficient

An indicator representing the ratio of annual precipitation to potential evapotranspiration, used to determine moisture availability for crop production.

Хранение и экономика

Moisture conversion factor

This is a mathematical factor used to adjust the weight of agricultural commodities to a standard moisture level for accurate storage and trade calculations.

Селекция и семеноводство

Morphological traits

These are the external physical characteristics of a plant, such as shape, size, color, and structure, used for variety identification and field assessment.

Почва и обработка

Mulching

Mulching is the agricultural practice of covering the soil surface with organic or inorganic materials to improve soil health and plant growth.

Техника и орошение

Multicontroller

A centralized electronic control unit that integrates the operation of various agricultural machinery components into a single interface.

Селекция и семеноводство

National List of Varieties

An official catalogue of plant varieties approved by the government for commercial cultivation and sale within a country.

Хранение и экономика

Natural mass

The actual weight of agricultural products as measured at the point of receipt or sale, regardless of moisture content or purity levels.

Цифровое земледелие

NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)

A remote sensing indicator used to quantify crop health and density by measuring the difference between near-infrared and red light reflectance.

Хранение и экономика

Negative allowance

A method of reducing the seed sowing rate based on superior seed quality, such as high laboratory germination and Thousand Kernel Weight (TKW).

Питание и удобрения

Nitrification

The biological process of oxidizing ammonia nitrogen by soil bacteria into nitrate, which is the form most easily absorbed by plants.

Питание и удобрения

Nitrogen fixation

The process by which atmospheric nitrogen is converted into ammonia or related nitrogenous compounds that plants can use.

Питание и удобрения

Nitrogen immobilization

The process by which soil microorganisms absorb mineral nitrogen, temporarily making it unavailable for uptake by crop plants.

Цифровое земледелие

Nitrogen sensor

An agricultural device that measures nitrogen levels in soil or crop canopy to assist in precision nutrient management.

Питание и удобрения

Nitrogen top dressing

Nitrogen top dressing is the application of nitrogen fertilizers during the growing season to promote healthy vegetative growth and increase crop yields.

Питание и удобрения

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Microorganisms capable of transforming atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can easily absorb and use for growth.

Погода и климат

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)

The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index is a simple graphical indicator used to assess whether the target area contains live green vegetation or not based on...

Техника и орошение

Nozzle

A mechanical device used in sprayers to atomize liquid into droplets and distribute it evenly over a target area.

Техника и орошение

Nozzle

A replaceable component of a sprayer designed to atomize liquid into droplets of a specific size and create a spray pattern for uniform pesticide or fertilizer...

Техника и орошение

Nozzle

A nozzle is a precision-engineered tip attached to a sprayer that regulates the flow of liquid and breaks it into droplets of a specific size and pattern.

Техника и орошение

Nozzle working pressure

The pressure at which the liquid is forced through the nozzle, determining droplet size, spray pattern, and flow rate.

Питание и удобрения

NPK

Азот–Фосфор–Калий — основные элементы минерального питания.

Питание и удобрения

NPK complex

This is a balanced combination of the three primary macronutrients — nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium — essential for optimal plant growth and crop yield.

Питание и удобрения

Nutrient balance

This is the net difference between the amount of nutrients applied to the soil through fertilizers and the amount removed from the field by crop harvest.

Питание и удобрения

Nutrient deficiency

A condition in which a plant does not receive sufficient essential nutrients from the soil or fertilizers to support its healthy growth and development.

Питание и удобрения

Nutrient uptake

This is the amount of mineral nutrients that crops absorb from the soil and fertilizers to produce their total biomass and yield.

Питание и удобрения

Nutrient Use Efficiency

This is a measure of the proportion of nutrients actually taken up by the plant from applied fertilizers relative to the total amount applied.

Цифровое земледелие

Optical soil composition sensor

This is a device that utilizes spectral analysis to determine the chemical and physical characteristics of soil in real time directly in the field.

Питание и удобрения

Organic fertilizers

These are naturally occurring materials that provide essential nutrients to plants while improving soil structure and promoting beneficial microbial activity.

Рост и развитие

Organogenesis

Organogenesis is the biological process by which plant organs are sequentially formed from meristematic tissues throughout the plant's life cycle.

Рост и развитие

Osmotic pressure

It is the physical force generated by solutes within plant cells that draws water through membranes, maintaining turgor and supporting cellular function.

Питание и удобрения

Osmotic stress

A condition where plants cannot absorb sufficient water due to high salt concentrations in the soil or drought, leading to wilting and stunted growth.

Цифровое земледелие

Parallel guidance

A navigation technology for agricultural machinery that ensures equipment travels along parallel paths with high precision, eliminating overlaps and skips.

Техника и орошение

Parallel guidance system

A satellite-based navigation technology that assists machinery operators in driving agricultural equipment along precise paths to avoid overlaps and skips.

Защита растений

Pest monitoring

A systematic process of observing crops to detect, identify, and quantify pests, diseases, and weeds for informed plant protection decision-making.

Защита растений

Pest resistance

This is the acquired ability of a pest population to survive exposure to pesticides that were previously effective against them.

Защита растений

Pesticide load

It is a measure of the total amount and frequency of pesticide active ingredients applied to a specific area over a given timeframe.

Питание и удобрения

Phosphorus fixation

The process by which soil minerals convert available phosphorus from fertilizers into insoluble forms that are inaccessible to plant roots.

Посев и сорта

Photoperiod sensitivity

This is a biological response of plants to the length of day or night, which regulates the timing of flowering and vegetative development.

Рост и развитие

Photoperiodism

Photoperiodism is the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of day or night, which controls key developmental processes like flowering and maturatio...

Рост и развитие

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the biological process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, creating organic compounds essential for crop growth and yie...

Погода и климат

Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR)

The spectral range of solar radiation from 400 to 700 nanometers that photosynthetic organisms are able to use in the process of photosynthesis.

Рост и развитие

Phototropism

Phototropism is the growth response of plants toward or away from an external directional light source.

Почва и обработка

Physical clay

It represents the total sum of all soil particles smaller than 0.01 millimeters, which determine the soil's mechanical composition and its ability to retain wat...

Хранение и экономика

Physical grain mass

This is the actual total weight of a grain batch at its natural moisture content, determined by weighing without adjusting for impurities or standard moisture l...

Хранение и экономика

Physical mass of a grain lot

It is the actual weight of a grain lot measured in kilograms or tonnes, determined by direct weighing without adjustments for moisture content or impurities.

Посев и сорта

Physical purity of seeds

It is the percentage by weight of pure seeds of the crop variety in a seed lot, free from foreign matter, weed seeds, and damaged kernels.