Словарь агронома

Рост и развитие

Physiological aging

An irreversible process of gradual decline in metabolic activity and adaptive capacity of a plant, leading to the completion of its life cycle.

Хранение и экономика

Physiological maturity

The stage of plant development when seeds or fruits reach their maximum dry weight and are fully capable of germination.

Защита растений

Phyto-examination

Phyto-examination is a comprehensive laboratory analysis of seeds or plants to detect latent infections and assess their phytosanitary status.

Защита растений

Phytocenosis

Phytocenosis is a stable plant community consisting of various species growing in a specific area and interacting with each other and their environment.

Защита растений

Phytopathogen

A phytopathogen is a biological agent, such as a fungus, bacterium, virus, or nematode, that causes infectious diseases in plants.

Защита растений

Phytophage

A phytophage is a herbivorous animal or insect that feeds on plant tissues and is often classified as a crop pest.

Защита растений

Phytosanitary control

A set of regulatory measures designed to prevent the introduction and spread of plant pests, diseases, and weeds in agricultural products.

Защита растений

Phytosanitary status

A comprehensive assessment of crops based on the presence and prevalence of pests, diseases, and weeds in a specific area.

Защита растений

Phytotoxicity

Phytotoxicity is the capacity of a substance or environmental condition to cause damage, growth inhibition, or death in plants.

Рост и развитие

Plant antioxidant system

This is a complex set of enzymatic and non-enzymatic defensive mechanisms that neutralize reactive oxygen species to protect plant cells from environmental stre...

Посев и сорта

Plant density

The number of living crop plants per unit area of a field at a specific stage of development.

Почва и обработка

Plant feeding area

This is the space allocated to an individual plant within a field, from which it extracts the nutrients, moisture, and light required for development.

Защита растений

Plant growth regulator

Organic compounds, either natural or synthetic, that modify plant growth processes such as stem elongation, germination, or flowering.

Питание и удобрения

Plant growth retardants

Plant growth retardants are chemical substances used to suppress stem elongation, resulting in shorter, sturdier, and more resilient plants.

Погода и климат

Plant hardening

The practice of gradually exposing indoor-grown seedlings to outdoor conditions like cooler temperatures and wind to prepare them for transplanting.

Почва и обработка

Plough pan

A plough pan is a compacted soil layer formed below the depth of cultivation, caused by the repetitive mechanical pressure of tillage equipment.

Почва и обработка

Ploughing

A primary tillage operation where soil is cut, turned over, and loosened using a plough to prepare the seedbed.

Техника и орошение

Pneumatic seeding system

A technology for delivering seeds to the furrow openers using a directed stream of compressed air.

Хранение и экономика

Porosity of grain bulk

Porosity is the fraction of the volume of voids between grain kernels relative to the total volume of the grain bulk.

Селекция и семеноводство

Post-control

Post-control in agronomy is the systematic assessment of the efficacy of pesticides and agrochemicals applied to crops after a specific period following the tre...

Рост и развитие

Post-embryonic development

This is the stage of a plant's life cycle that begins after seed germination and continues until death or the completion of its life cycle.

Хранение и экономика

Post-harvest processing line

A system of interconnected machinery designed for the continuous cleaning, drying, and sorting of grain immediately after harvest.

Питание и удобрения

Potassium fixation

The process where potassium ions are trapped within the lattice structure of clay minerals, rendering them unavailable for plant uptake.

Погода и климат

Potential evapotranspiration

This is the maximum amount of water that would evaporate from soil and transpire from plant surfaces if water supply were not limited.

Селекция и семеноводство

Pre-basic seeds

The highest category of seeds produced under the direct responsibility of the breeder to maintain the genetic purity and identity of the variety.

Защита растений

Pre-harvest interval

The minimum required time between the final pesticide application and the harvest to ensure that residue levels in the produce are within safe regulatory limits...

Посев и сорта

Pre-harvest moisture content

The percentage of water present in seeds or plant material just before harvest, which determines the timing for gathering crops and their storability.

Почва и обработка

Pre-sowing cultivation

This is the final soil tillage operation before seeding, designed to loosen the topsoil and prepare a uniform, firm seedbed.

Погода и климат

Precipitation sum

This is the total volume of moisture, such as rain, snow, or dew, that has fallen on a specific area over a given period, typically measured in millimeters.

Техника и орошение

Precipitation uniformity

A metric describing the degree of spatial consistency of rainfall across a field throughout the growing season.

Цифровое земледелие

Precision agriculture

A management strategy that uses information technology to ensure that crops and soil receive exactly what they need for optimum health and productivity.

Цифровое земледелие

Precision Agriculture Navigation

The use of satellite positioning systems in farming equipment to ensure accurate field coverage and reduce overlaps during field operations.

Техника и орошение

Prescription map

A digital file that provides instructions to agricultural equipment to automatically adjust application rates for seeds, fertilizers, or chemicals across a fiel...

Техника и орошение

Pressure compensation (in drip irrigation)

A technology that maintains a constant water flow rate from each emitter regardless of pressure fluctuations or elevation changes across the field.

Хранение и экономика

Production profitability

A key economic indicator that measures the efficiency of agricultural production by comparing the net profit earned against the total costs incurred during the...

Селекция и семеноводство

Progeny testing nursery

A specialized breeding nursery where the performance of individual plant lineages is evaluated to determine their genetic potential and suitability for further...

Погода и климат

Radiation balance

Radiation balance is the difference between the total solar radiation absorbed by the earth's surface and the effective outgoing radiation emitted by it.

Погода и климат

Relative humidity

It is the ratio of the actual amount of water vapor in the air to the maximum amount the air could hold at a specific temperature, expressed as a percentage.

Рост и развитие

Remontancy

The ability of plants to produce multiple crops or bloom continuously throughout a single growing season.

Цифровое земледелие

Remote field monitoring

A set of technologies involving satellite imagery, aerial photography, or drones to observe and analyze crop conditions and field development remotely.

Цифровое земледелие

Remote Sensing of the Earth

This is a method of gathering information about crops and soil conditions using satellites, drones, or aircraft without direct physical contact with the field.

Селекция и семеноводство

Reproduction

This is a successive generation of seeds or planting material obtained during the process of seed production from initial plant forms.

Селекция и семеноводство

Reproduction sowing

A method of sowing elite or high-generation seeds to produce quality seed material for future cycles while preserving the variety's specific traits.

Рост и развитие

Reproductive phase

The developmental stage of a plant during which reproductive organs are formed, leading to flowering, pollination, and seed or fruit development.

Посев и сорта

Reseeding (gap filling)

An agronomic practice of sowing additional seeds in areas with thin or failed emergence to achieve the optimal plant population density.

Защита растений

Residual activity period

The duration of time during which a pesticide remains biologically active to protect crops against target pests or diseases.

Защита растений

Residual effect

The impact of fertilizers or pesticides applied in previous seasons on the current crop growth and soil characteristics.

Хранение и экономика

Residual moisture

The amount of water remaining in soil or agricultural produce after natural drying, evaporation, or drainage processes have occurred.

Рост и развитие

Respiration rate

Respiration rate is the speed at which a plant or harvested produce consumes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide through metabolic processes.

Защита растений

Retardant

Retardants are plant growth regulators that inhibit stem elongation, helping to produce shorter, thicker, and stronger stems to prevent lodging.

Селекция и семеноводство

Roguing

The practice of identifying and removing off-type plants, diseased individuals, or weeds from a crop to maintain genetic purity.

Питание и удобрения

Root exudates

These are organic compounds released by plant roots into the soil, creating a nutrient-rich environment for beneficial soil microorganisms.

Питание и удобрения

Root feeding

This is a method of applying fertilizers directly into the soil within the reach of a plant's root system.

Питание и удобрения

Root nutrition

Root nutrition is the process by which plants absorb water and essential mineral nutrients from the soil through their root system.

Рост и развитие

Root pressure

The active force generated by plant roots that pushes water and dissolved minerals upward through the xylem vessels, ensuring nutrient transport independently o...

Питание и удобрения

Root system

The entire network of roots belonging to a single plant, responsible for anchoring the plant in the soil and absorbing water and essential nutrients.

Техника и орошение

Row spacing

The distance between adjacent rows of plants in a field or crop plantation.

Посев и сорта

Row spacing

The distance between adjacent rows of plants during sowing or planting, measured between the center lines of the rows.

Техника и орошение

RTK Base Station

A terrestrial receiver that transmits corrections to agricultural machinery to enable centimeter-level accuracy for satellite navigation systems.

Цифровое земледелие

RTK signal

RTK (Real Time Kinematic) is a satellite navigation technique that enhances the precision of position data, enabling agricultural equipment to operate with cent...